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Proclamation of the, 18 January 1871, 1877 byWhen became Emperor of the French in 1804, he considered making Versailles his residence, but abandoned the idea because of the cost of the renovation. Prior to his marriage with Marie-Louise in 1810, he had the Grand Trianon restored and refurnished as a springtime residence for himself and his family, in the style of furnishing that it is seen today.In 1815, with the final downfall of Napoleon, the younger brother of Louis XVI, became King, and considered returning the royal residence to Versailles, where he had been born. He ordered the restoration of the royal apartments, but the task and cost was too great. Neither he nor his successor lived at Versailles.The brought a new monarch, to power, and a new ambition for Versailles.
He did not reside at Versailles, but began the creation of the Museum of the History of France, dedicated to 'all the glories of France', located in the south wing of the Palace, which had been used to house some members of the royal family. The museum was begun in 1833 and inaugurated on 30 June 1837. Its most famous room is the (Hall of Battles), which lies on most of the length of the second floor. Louis Philippe had the far end of the south wing of the Cour Royale demolished and rebuilt to match the Gabriel wing of 1780 opposite, which gave greater uniformity of appearance to the front entrance. The museum project largely came to a halt when Louis Philippe was overthrown in 1848, though the paintings of French heroes and great battles still remain in the south wing.Emperor used the Palace on occasion as a stage for grand ceremonies.
One of the most lavish was the banquet that he hosted for in the on August 25, 1855.During the of 1870-1871, the Palace was occupied by the general staff of the victorious German Army. Parts of the chateau, including the Gallery of Mirrors, were turned into a military hospital. The creation of the, combining Prussia and the surrounding German states under, was formally proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors on January 18, 1871. The Germans remained in the Palace until the signing of the armistice in March 1871.
In that month, the government of the new, which had departed Paris during the War for Tours and then Bordeaux, moved into the Palace. The National Assembly held its meetings in the Opera House.The uprising of the in March, 1871, prevented the French government, under, from returning immediately to Paris. The military operation which suppressed the Commune at the end of May was directed from Versailles, and the prisoners of the Commune were marched there and put on trial in military courts. In 1875 a second parliamentary body, the, was created, and held its meetings for the election of a President of the Republic in a new hall created in 1876 in the south wing of the Palace. The continues to meet in the Palace on special occasions, such as the amendment of the French Constitution. 20th century.
ByThe end of the 19th and the early 20th century saw the beginning of restoration efforts at the Palace, first led by, poet and scholar and the first conservator, who began his work in 1892. The conservation and restoration was interrupted by two world wars, but has continued until the present day.The Palace briefly returned to the world stage in June, 1919, when the, formally ending the First World War, was signed in the. Between 1925 and 1928, the American philanthropist and multi-millionaire gave $2,166,000, the equivalent of about thirty million dollars today, to restore and refurnish the palace.More work took place after World War II, with the restoration of the. The theater was reopened in 1957, in the presence of Queen.In 1978, parts of the Palace were heavily damaged in a.The restoration initiatives launched by the have proven to be perhaps more costly than the expenditures of the palace in the. Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of, the objective was to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace.
Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the. Concurrently, in the ( since 26 December 1991), the restoration of the located 25 kilometers from the center of Leningrad – today's – brought the attention of French, including that of the curator of Versailles. After the war when Soviet authorities were restoring the palace, which had been gutted by the retreating Nazi forces, they recreated the silk fabrics by using preserved 18th-century remnants.When these results and the high quality achieved were brought to the attention of the French Minister of Culture, he revived 18th-century weaving techniques so as to reproduce the silks used in the decoration of Versailles. The two greatest achievements of this initiative are seen today in wall hangings used in the restoration of the chambre de la reine in the grand appartement de reine and the chambre du roi in the appartement du roi. While the design used for the chambre du roi was, in fact, from the original design to decorate the chambre de la reine, it nevertheless represents a great achievement in the ongoing restoration at Versailles.
Additionally, this project, which took over seven years to achieve, required several hundred kilograms of silver and gold to complete. One of the more costly endeavours for the museum and France's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. Consequently, because furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings. 21st century In 2003, a new restoration initiative – the 'Grand Versailles' project – was started, which began with the replanting of the gardens, which had lost over 10,000 trees during on 26 December 1999. One part of the initiative, the restoration of the, was completed in 2006. Another major project was the further restoration of the backstage areas, which was completed in 2009.Ownership and management The Palace of Versailles is owned by the French state.
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Its formal title is the Since 1995, it has been run as a Public Establishment, with an independent administration and management supervised by the French. The current Chairperson of the Public Establishment is. Architecture and plan. The Salon of MercuryThe construction of the Hall of Mirrors between 1678 and 1686 coincided with a major alteration to the State Apartments. They were originally intended as his residence, but the King transformed them into galleries for his finest paintings, and venues for his many receptions for courtiers.
During the season from in November until, these were usually held three times a week, from six to ten in the evening, with various entertainments. The Salon of Hercules This was originally a chapel. It was rebuilt beginning in 1712 as a showcase for the painting Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee by, which was a gift to Louis XIV from the in 1664. The painting on the ceiling, The Apotheosis of Hercules, by, was completed in 1712, and gave the room its name. The Salon of Abundance The Salon of Abundance was the antechamber to the Cabinet of Curios (now the Games Room), which displayed Louis XIV's collection of precious jewels and rare objects. Some of the objects in the collection are depicted in 's painting Abundance and Liberality (1683), located on the ceiling over the door opposite the windows.The Salon of Venus This salon was used for serving light meals during evening receptions.
The principal feature in this room is 's life-size statue of Louis XIV in the costume of a Roman emperor. On the ceiling in a gilded oval frame is another painting by Houasse, Venus subjugating the Gods and Powers (1672-1681).
Paintings and sculpture around the ceiling illustrate mythological themes. The Salon of Mercury The Salon of Mercury was the original State Bedchamber when Louis XIV officially moved the court and government to the Palace in 1682. The bed is a replica of the original commissioned by King Louis-Philippe in the 19th century when he turned the Palace into a Museum. The ceiling paintings by the Flemish artist depicts the god in his chariot, drawn by a rooster, and and surrounded by scholars and philosophers. The Automaton Clock was made for the King by the royal clockmaker Antoine Morand in 1706. When it chimes the hour, figures of Louis XIV and Fame descend from a cloud. Bust of Louis XIV by in Salon of DianaThe Salon of Mars The Salon of Mars was used by the royal guards until 1782, and was decorated on a military theme with helmets and trophies.
It was turned into a concert room between 1684 and 1750, with galleries for musicians on either side. Portraits of and his Queen, by the Flemish artist decorate the room today.The Salon of Apollo The Salon of Apollo was the royal throne room under Louis XIV, and was the setting for formal audiences.
The eight-foot high silver throne was melted down in 1689 to help pay the costs of an expensive war, and was replaced by a more modest throne of gilded wood. The central painting on the ceiling, by, depicts the Sun Chariot of, the King's favorite emblem, pulled by four horses and surrounded by the four seasons.The Salon of Diana The Salon of Diana was used by Louis XIV as a billiards room, and had galleries from which courtiers could watch him play. The decoration of the walls and ceiling depicts scenes from the life of the goddess. The celebrated made during the famous sculptor's visit to France in 1665, is on display here. Private apartments of the King and Queen.
Main articles: andThe apartments of the King were the heart of the chateau; they were in the same location as the rooms of Louis XIII, the creator of the chateau, on the first floor (second floor US style). They were set aside for the personal use of in 1683. He and his successors and used these rooms for official functions, such as the ceremonial lever ('waking up') and the coucher ('going to bed') of the monarch, which were attended by a crowd of courtiers.The King's apartment was accessed from the Hall of Mirrors from the Oeil de Boeuf antechamber past the Guardroom and the Grand Couvert, the ceremonial room where Louis XIV often took his evening meals, seated alone at a table in front of the fireplace. His spoon, fork, and knife were brought to him in a golden box. The courtiers could watch as he dined.The King's bedchamber had originally been the State Drawing Room and had been used by Queen Marie-Theresa, but after her death in 1701 Louis XIV took it over to use as his own bedroom and died there on September 1, 1715. Both Louis XV and Louis XVI continued to use the bedroom for their official awakening and going to bed.
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On October 6, 1789, from the balcony of this room Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, joined by the, looked down on the hostile crowd in the courtyard, shortly before the King was forced to return to Paris.The bed of the King is placed beneath a carved relief by entitled France watching over the sleeping King. The decoration includes several paintings set into the paneling, including a self-portrait of.
Private apartments of The Queen. Main article:The petit appartement de la reine is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the, consort of, the rooms were later modified for use by and finally for. The Queen's apartments and the King's Apartments were laid out on the same design, each suite having seven rooms. Both suites had ceilings painted with scenes from mythology; the King's ceilings featured male figures, the Queen's featured females.The Grand Gallery. Relief of Louis XIV in the Salon of War, by (1715)The Grand Gallery is a set of three highly decorated reception rooms, dedicated to the celebration of the political and military successes of Louis XIV, and used for important ceremonies, celebrations and receptions.The War Salon The War Salon commemorates the victorious campaign of Louis XIV against the Dutch, which ended in 1678. The centerpiece is an enormous sculpted medallion of Louis XIV, on horseback, crossing the Rhine in 1672, created.
Above the fireplace is a painting of, the Muse of History, recording the exploits of the King.The Hall of Mirrors. Ceiling of the opera, painted byThe was originally commissioned by Louis XIV in 1682 and was to be built at the end of the North Wing with a design by Mansart and Vigarani. However, due to the expense of the King's continental wars, the project was put aside. The idea was revived by Louis XV with a new design by in 1748, but this also was temporarily put aside. The project was revived and rushed ahead for the planned celebration of the marriage of the Dauphin, the future,.
For economy and speed, the new opera was built almost entirely of wood, which also gave it very high quality acoustics. The wood was painted to resemble marble, and the ceiling was decorated with a painting of the Apollo, the god of the arts, preparing crowns for illustrious artists,. The sculptor added statuary and reliefs to complete the decoration. The new Opera was inaugurated on May 16, 1770, as part of the celebration of the royal wedding.In October 1789, early in the, the last banquet for the royal guardsmen was hosted by the King in the opera, before he departed for Paris.
Following the in 1871 and then the until 1875, the French National Assembly met in the opera, until the proclamation of the Third French Republic and the return of the government to Paris. Museum of the History of France. And his sons pose before the gates of Versailles, by History Gallery, (1846)Shortly after becoming King in 1830, decided to transform the Palace, which was empty of furnishings and in poor repair, into a museum devoted to 'All the Glories of France,' with paintings and sculpture depicting famous French victories and heroes. The walls of the apartments of the courtiers and lesser members of the royal family on the first floor (second floor U.S.
Style) were demolished, and turned into a series of several large galleries: the Coronation Room, which displays the celebrated painting of the coronation of Napoleon I by; the Hall of Battles; commemorating French victories with large-scale paintings; and the 1830 room, which celebrated Louis-Philippe's own coming to power in the. Some paintings were brought from the Louvre, including works depicting events in French history by,. Others were commissioned especially for the museum by prominent artists of the early 19th century, including, who painted at the French victory over the British in the in 1242. Other painters featured include. A monumental painting by Vernet features Louis Philippe himself, with his sons, posing in front of the gates of the Palace.The overthrow of Louis Philippe in 1848 put an end to his grand plans for the museum, but the Gallery of Battles is still as it was, and is passed through by many visitors to the royal apartments and grand salons. Another set of rooms on the first floor has been made into galleries on Louis XIV and his court, displaying furniture, paintings, and sculpture. In recent years, eleven rooms on the ground floor between the Chapel and the Opera have been turned into a history of the palace, with audiovisual displays and models.
Gardens and fountains. The Queen's Theater at the Petit TrianonIn 1668 Louis XIV decided to build a smaller palace some distance from the main palace, where he could spend quieter time away from the crowds and formality of his Court. He purchased a village called Trianon which adjoined the park, and constructed a pavilion covered with blue and white porcelain in the fashionable Chinese style; it was finished in 1670, and became known as the Porcelain Trianon. In 1687, he replaced it with the, a larger and more classical pavilion designed by Mansart, with a terrace and walls faced with different colored slabs of marble.
After the Revolution, the Trianon served as a residence for both and later for King when they visited Versailles. It is decorated today largely as it was under Napoleon and Louis-Philippe.The was created between 1763 and 1768 by for Louis XV. The square shaped building, with each facade different, was a prototype of. The most ornate facade, with Corinthian columns, faced the French landscape garden.
Louis XVI gave the Petit Trianon as a gift to his bride, Marie-Antoinette. She asked the architect and painter to design a new English-style landscape garden to replace the formal French garden. Not far from the she had the Rock Pavilion constructed, and added the classical rotunda of the Temple of Love, built in 1777. In 1780, she built a small theater at the Petit Trianon. In her theater she played a part in one of the first performances of the play The by, which helped ensure its success. She was at the Petit Trianon in July 1789 when she first heard the news from Paris of the storming of the and the beginning of the. The Hamlet of Marie Antoinette.
One of the most celebrated features of the park is the, a small rustic hamlet near the Petit Trianon created for Queen Marie Antoinette between 1783 and 1785 by the royal architect with the help of the painter. It replaced a botanical garden created by Louis XV, and consisted of twelve structures, ten of which still exist, in the style of villages in. It was designed for the Queen and her friends to amuse themselves by playing peasants, and included a farmhouse with a dairy, a mill, a boudoir, a pigeon loft, a tower in the form of a lighthouse from which one could fish in the pond, a belvedere, a cascade and grotto, and a luxuriously furnished cottage with a billiard room for the Queen. Modern Political and ceremonial functions. Main article: Films.
(2012) is an animated film in which sophisticated chimpanzees Mason and Phil dress up as 'King of Versailles' in reference to the Palace of Versailles. (2006) is a film written and directed by and starring.
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